• To know the chemistry involved in processes of digestion and metabolism which will help the nursing student in selecting and preparing foods in accordance with body requirements, both in health and disease.
• To know the principles involved in energy, digestion, drug, preparation of special diets for first aid treatment, disinfection, the efficient selection and use of chemical products etc. in the home as well as in the hospital.
• To know and understand chemical composition of human body e.g. oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus etc…

1. Chemistry is a study of the composition of substances and the changes in their composition.

2. Chemistry is the science of substances – their structure, their properties, and the reactions that change them into other substances.

3. Chemistry is the science of change and the study of matter.

4. Chemistry is that science which investigates the composition and properties of bodies, and by which we are enabled to explain the causes of natural changes which takes place in material substances.

Sources:

• General Chemistry By Linus Pauling
• Foundations for Chemistry
• Elements of chemistry By John Lee Comstock

Patterns of family organization: vocabulary list

KIN: People who are related by common ancestry or origins; most often blood relations.

FAMILY: A group of kin who live together and function as an ongoing Co-operative unit for economic and other purposes.

CONSANGUINE FAMILY: Biological relatives.

CONJUGAL FAMILY: A group of relatives by marriage.

PATRILOCAL FAMILY: A society where sons are expected to bring their, brides to their parents’ house and daughters are expected to go to their husband’s household.

MATRILOCAL FAMILY: A society where daughters are expected to, remain in their parents’ house hold and the sons move in with their wives house.

NEOLOCAL FAMILY: A society where newly married couples set up separate residences independent of either spouse’s parents.

PATRILINEAL FAMILY: A pattern of descent where the children belong to the kin group of their father. Often found in patrilocal societies.

MATRILINEAL: A pattern of descent where the children belong to the kin group of their mother. Often found in matrilocal societies.

BILATERAL FAMILY: A pattern of descent where the children are equally related to both their mother’s and father’s families. Often found in neolocal societies.

PATRIARCHAL FAMILY: A form of family organization in which the father is dominant.

MATRIARCHAL FAMILY: A form of family, organization in which the mother is dominant.

EGALITARIAN FAMILY: A form of family organization in which the father and mother share authority.

EXTENDED FAMILY: A family unit that consists of a nuclear family plus one or more relatives living together.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A unit of family organization consisting of a couple and their children living together.

Words often confused with meaning

Dialogue Writing:

                Dialogue is a written composition in which two or more characters are represented as conversing. It is an exchange of ideas and opinions. A basic purpose of dialogue writing skill is to express thoughts in an easy and natural way. However, it does not mean that language may be ungrammatical.

                By writing a dialogue, one is able to understand both sides of opinion and develop capacity to effectively express the opposite point of view.

                In keeping with the characters, the composition of a dialogue should be spontaneous. It requires careful planning, before beginning to write. It is advisable to make a plan or outline of the dialogue.

Tips:

• Carefully read, think and understand the subject. Imagine the characters and their point of view. You should have a clear picture of the persons taking part in the conversation.
• Not down briefly the ideas, opinions and arguments of the imaginary persons and sequence them in logical order.
• Keep in mind that your dialogue would express the view of the character, he is playing, it should not; in anyway, represent your own viewpoint.
• Dialogue when completed should appear real and spontaneous. For this, it is essential to imagine how in real life person converse and reproduce them in an easy, familiar and natural manner.
• Conversation should rotate between the characters. It should be brisk and rapid.
• Avoid monopoly by one character.
• Conversation should not appear to be public lecture.
• Write in a natural, interesting and realistic manner. For this, try to observe how real conversation takes place, in actual conversation, people interrupt each other, answer a question by asking another question or anticipate the question and answer it before being asked. Such elements in the conversation enliven the dialogue.
• Use interjections, element of, surprise, exclamation, such as, well, good heaven, bother, oh dear! Oh God! Etc. However do not over use them.
• Dialogue should begin in an interesting way and should not end abruptly. Normally it should end with a definite statement.

PRÉCIS WRITING

                A précis is a concise summary of the essential points, statements or facts. Précis writing is an art of compression. The gist of a passage enables the reader to grasp main points. It should be brief, lucid, concise and comprehensive. The précis is, meant to express only main idea or theme leaving out all unimportant details and illustrations. As for the length of précis, there is no rigid rule but generally it should not contain more than one third of the number of words in the original passage.

                Précis writing should help the reader to understand passage properly and group its meaning quickly and accurately. It is an excellent training in concentration of attention. It is also good exercise in writing compositions as it teaches the student to express his thoughts clearly, concisely, orderly and effectively.

Some tips for précis writing:

                Writing a précis is an art and that art shows the command of the language of the writer. It is not only compress the paragraph or to change it into one third of the original but to say the same in few words. Strong vocabulary and sufficient account of one word substitute.

Précis writing involves intense brainwork. While writing précis the following points should be kept in mind:

• Read the passage thoroughly to get the general idea, then, read it carefully again and again to have clarity till you understand its subject and what is said about the subject.
• Give a short title to passage, which will express its subject.
• Write down the main points in proper sequence in the form of outline.
• Compare the outline with the original passage.
• Note the length of the passage and write a rough précis comprising of one third the number of words in the given passage.
• The gist of précis should be written in students’ own words. As far as possible do not copy words, phrases, sentences and quotations from the passage. Avoid using repetitions, quotations, illustrations, proverbs, etc…
• Do not add anything. Make no comments. Correct no fact, and do not give your opinion.
• Maintain proper sequences of ideas. Language should be simple and direct with short sentences. As far as possible, write the précis in third person, indirect speech and in past tense.
• Revise your draft and compare it with the original passage. If it is too long, compress it by omitting all unnecessary details. Correct all spellings recheck grammar and language.
• Write it neatly with proper heading of the passage.

WRITING A PARAGRAPH

                A paragraph is a series of sentences that develops a single idea or topic. You can write paragraph for many purposes, such as explaining how to do something or telling story. The sentences in a paragraph must relate to a single topic. A group of sentences about more than one topic is not a paragraph. Most paragraphs are made up of supporting sentences and a concluding sentence.

                A topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph. Whenever you write your readers must know exactly what your topic is. In writing a paragraph you state your topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph so that the reader will know right away what the paragraph is about.

                Explain or develop what is stated in the topic sentence. You may need as few as three or as many as ten supporting sentences in a paragraph. In each supporting sentence you give supporting information or details related to the main idea.

                A paragraph may also have a concluding sentence to bring it to a close. In a concluding Sentence you may summarize the supporting sentences or state a conclusion about the main idea.

Tips:

Unity: A good paragraph consist unity of thoughts and expression. Each paragraph must deal with single topic or idea. The sentences grouped together must be closely connected to the topic.

Coherence: There should be logical sequence of thoughts in a paragraph. They should be arranged in orderly and natural order so that continuity is maintained.

Conclusion: A paragraph must end with a conclusion. Abrupt and unfinished paragraph leave no good impressions.

• A topic sentence forms the base which should state the central idea of paragraph.
• A paragraph should not be monotonous. The sentences should. Vary in size, composition and construction.

To maintain relationship with persons, sentence and following sentence use certain connection words conclusion about the main idea.

Paragraph Writing

COMPREHENSION WRITING

                Comprehension literally means the act or process of grasping with the intellect. It is process of understanding through reading. The purposeful reading requires concentration intelligence and power of finding answers of questions given at the end of passage within limited time. It shows the capacity and the ability of the student to understand the contents of the passage and to extract information from it.

                The aim of comprehension is to measure and improve student’s ability to read and understand. Therefore, it is essential that student should be able to express his ideas clearly, precisely and in good language.

Some tips:

• First read the content of the passage quickly to get a fairly good idea and then slowly to understand the meaning of the passage.
• Read the entire question first and try to find out the answer while reading the passage, better to give it number of the relevant question.
• Write complete sentence as far as possible, through sometime it is possible to good answer, using only single phrase or word. The answer to the question should be brief and to the point.
• You can also answer using an expression taken from the passage, but it is always preferable to write answer in your own words, which should be precise and neat.
• Do not ever copy from the passage without understanding.
• It also includes some vocabulary questions to test the reading skill. You should be able express the meaning of idea clearly and to the point.
• Refer to the dictionary wherever you have misconnects about the meanings of terms, which may lead to wrong interpretations.

APPLICATION WRITING

Application writing is also an art like letter writing. Applications are written either for job, leave, interview, admission, remission of fine, or issuance of certificate. One should be candid, clear, and polite in style. Moreover it should be natural and to the point. For writing a good application following tips may be followed.

• Header: Name, address and date of the writer. (On the right side)
• Lower than the heading, you should write the address, i.e. the name, title and designation of the official to whom the application is being addressed. (On the left side)
• Subject of the application comes at the top.
• Start with the courteous greetings such as Dear Sir or Respected Sir, Sir, My dear Sir, and conclude with your faithfully or your truly. Avoid the use of your sincerely.
• The communication, message or the body of the application should be clear and to the point.
• Applications are much more formal in style. Polite expressions such as please, kindly, obliged, I have-the honors to call your attention, I respectfully beg to report etc
• Do not use abbreviations.
• Do not use Jargons.
• When making an application for a Job, it should contain a short introduction stating whether applicant is applying in response to an advertisement or got reference from someone.
• A statement of the bio-data giving name, address, age, qualification and experience etc., of the applicant should be given. Give references and testimonials, wherever necessary. An expression of the applicant’s earnestness of the purpose, indicating why he considers himself suitable for the Job, may be carefully prepared and attached with the application. Wherever it is asked for or considered necessary.
• Never commit a mistake in the name or its spelling. Double check if the addressee is a man, or woman, and uses the correct expression accordingly ;( Dr, Sir, Madam, etc…)
• Do not jumble your application with too many details. Keep it brief and simple. Write separate application for two different requests (for example condoning late fee for, school fee and leave application addressed to the principal).
• Identify the important pointer unique feature in support of your claim, which should be highlighted in an application for a job, admission or a scholarship.

Example application for a Job:

Johnson David

Nursing student,

Final year

ABC School of nursing, New York

February 20, 2010.

To,

                Medical Superintendent

                ABC Hospital, New York.

Subject: Application for Part time job.

Sir,

                It has to my knowledge though daily newspaper New York Times dated 12-02-2010 that you need some trained nursing staff in your hospital for night shift. Whereas I have been studying in third year nursing in ABC School of Nursing, New York. I have been regular student and have done all my clinical duties with zeal and zest. I have learnt all the required procedures, methods and nursing ethics, all duty doctors have always appreciated my performance during my clinical duties.

                As I need financial assistance to meet with expenses on one side and want to improve my skill through practical work on other side.

                I will be highly obliged, if you kindly consider my application and give me chance to prove my spirit and skill in true sense.

Yours Truly

Johnson David

Example Application to the Principal for a sick leave

To,

The Principal

ABC school of Nursing

New York.

Sir,

                Most respectfully, I state that I am suffering from fever, so I am unable to attend the school. Kindly grant me leave for two days from 20-02-2010 to 21-02-2010. I shall be highly thankful to you for this favor.

Yours obediently,

Andy David

Student, 3^rd year

Nursing

Example application for remission of fine:

To,

The Principal

ABC School of Nursing,

New York.

Respected Sir,

                I beg to state that a fine of 2010 dollars has been imposed on me for reaching the school late yesterday. I agree that this is against the discipline, but I was facing a certain compulsion because of which I delayed.

                It was misfortune, I was spending vacation in Pakistan and the former Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto was murdered and chaos and uncertainty prevailed everywhere. The Government imposed curfew for three days. It became simply impossible to catch flight for New York. Though I phoned to school and informed the same to office superintendent. As conditions turned to normal reported here without wasting a moment.

                Therefore, I request you to kindly order the withdrawal of the fine, in view of the reasons given above. I assure you of my strict adherence to the school discipline.

Dated: December 23, 1999

Yours Obediently,

Imran Khan

Student 3^rd Year